"[14] The sacrality of the name, as well as the Commandment against "taking the name 'in vain'", led to increasingly strict prohibitions on speaking or pronouncing the term in writing. [28] An answer many scholars consider plausible is the Kenite hypothesis, which holds that traders brought Yahweh to Israel along the caravan routes between Egypt and Canaan. ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yahweh&oldid=1140709404, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 10:40. https://www.worldhistory.org/Yahweh/. Mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt. He creates animals and human beings, destroys all in a great flood except Noah, Noah's family, and the animals Noah saves, and elects Abram (later known as Abraham) to lead his people to the land of Canaan and settle there (Genesis 1-25). We care about our planet! Many legendary characters have more than one name. Terracotta figurines of Athena are known from Seleucid Babylon. "Yahweh." Humhum was a minor god worshiped in Dr-arruku (also known as Sippar-Aruru) in northern Babylonia. We have 73 individual gods listed in the Mesopotamian pantheon of gods and spirits. Moses learns his true identity as an Israelite and, after killing an Egyptian, flees to the land of Midian where, in time he encounters Yahweh in the form of a burning bush (Exodus 3, 4:1-17). Known as enki in the sumerian language, ea was the mesopotamian god of water. [11] After the Temple was destroyed in 70 CE the original pronunciation of the tetragrammaton was forgotten.[11]. The oldest mention of Yahweh was long held to be the Moabite Stone (also known as the Mesha Stele) erected by King Mesha of Moab to celebrate his victory over Israel in c. 840 BCE. [8], Towards the end of the Babylonian captivity, the very existence of foreign gods was denied, and Yahweh was proclaimed as the creator of the cosmos and the one true God of all the world,[9] giving birth to Judaism, which has c. 1415 million adherents today. 4 3 299 Trey the Explainer @Trey_Explainer May 11, 2020 even Sinai at the presence of Yahweh, the God of Israel. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Although the biblical narratives depict Yahweh as the sole creator god, lord of the universe, and god of the Israelites especially, initially he seems to have been Canaanite in origin and subordinate to the supreme god El. 4. By the time these works were written, the worship of Yahweh had undergone a dramatic transformation from what it had been in the early days of the Israelites in Canaan. and you shall tread on their backs". 3000 - 323 BC, 2nd Edition, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Kumarbi was one of the main gods of the Hurrians, An Elamite deity known chiefly from a passage mentioning "the forest of Manziniri.". While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. I was wondering if anyone knew if this was true and could explain to me like Im five one way or the other? Mammitum was one of the goddesses who could be identified as the wife of Nergal. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. (112). Family Religion in Babylonia, Syria and Israel: Continuity and Change A History of the Ancient Near East ca. Gazbaba was a goddess closely associated with Nanaya, like her connected with erotic love. [64], The Hebrew Bible gives the impression that the Jerusalem temple was always meant to be the central or even sole temple of Yahweh, but this was not the case. Yahweh was one of the Egyptian gods: Yah, a god represented as a cow by whom she (the gender of the cow; the male is a bull) would be impregnated by Weh to form a son (not Jesus--he is an invention of the invading Apiru from India. Ura is the earliest attested consort of Anu, as evidenced by Sumerian texts dating to the third millennium BCE. Muuu ("furious snake" or "aweful snake") was a dragon-like creature (sometimes a lion-dragon hybrid), depicted as a servant of various gods in Mesopotamian art. Yahweh. Related Content The following is a list of Mesopotamiandeities. According to Sumerian poetry, the goddess Ninmah acted as a midwife. Moses never reaches the promised land of Canaan himself owing to a misunderstanding he has with Yahweh in which he strikes a rock for water when he was not supposed to (Numbers 20) but he turns over leadership to his right-hand-man Joshua who then leads his people in the conquest of Canaan as directed by Yahweh. [10] When reading from the scriptures, Jews began to substitute the divine name with the word adonai (), meaning "Lord". Geshtinanna was a rural agricultural goddess sometimes associated with. [5] The early Israelites were polytheistic and worshipped Yahweh alongside a variety of Canaanite gods and goddesses, including El, Asherah and Baal. The first to mention this were Haggai and Zechariah, both prophets of the early Persian period. [34] During this period, Israel was a confederation of tribes,[35] each of which was (by then) a territorial entity with boundaries and rights. Laguda was a god associated with the Persian Gulf. Mark, Joshua J.. Firstly, Sumeria is in Mesopotamia. atumdug was a goddess from the early pantheon of Lagash. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [12] The archangels Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, and Ouriel and Jewish cultural heroes such as Abraham, Jacob, and Moses are also invoked frequently. A passage like this reflects the early beliefs of the Canaanites and Israelites in polytheism or, more accurately, henotheism (the belief in many gods with a focus on a single supreme deity). (2018, October 22). In this passage from Deuteronomy, El gives each of the gods authority over a segment of the people of earth and Yahweh is assigned to the Israelites who, in time, will make him their supreme and only deity; but it is clear he existed beforehand as a lesser Canaanite god. Introduction Venerated as the patron deity of Babylon itself, Marduk as one of the major Mesopotamian gods formed an important part of the Babylonian pantheon. Nisaba was originally a goddess of grain and agriculture. Although Amzallag's theory has been challenged, it has not been refuted. In Mesopotamia", "Agriculture as Civilization: Sages, Farmers, and Barbarians", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Mesopotamian_deities&oldid=1141283478, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [49] Features of Baal, El, and Asherah were absorbed into Yahweh, El (or 'el) (Hebrew: ) became a generic term meaning "god" as opposed to the name of a specific god, and epithets such as El Shaddai came to be applied to Yahweh alone. The deities of Sumer were usually associated with aspects of nature, such as fertility of the fields and livestock. They saw the messiah in Zerubbabel, a descendant of the House of David who seemed, briefly, to be about to re-establish the ancient royal line, or in Zerubbabel and the first High Priest, Joshua (Zechariah writes of two messiahs, one royal and the other priestly). Yahweh, as the actual name of the supreme being, seems to have remained in use until the Babylonian Exile in the 6th century BCE. This article was most recently revised and updated by. Shalash was the wife of the Syrian god Dagan. 03 Mar 2023. [9] [10] As such, cult statues were given constant care and attention [11] [9] and a set of priests were assigned to tend to them. The Moabite Stone was discovered in 1868 in modern-day Jordan and the find published in 1870. Anunit - Mesopotamian mother or creator goddess derived from the earlier Sumerian Ki. Musician goddesses always mentioned as a pair who were handmaidens of Shaushka. Please support World History Encyclopedia. Thank you! Emesh is a farmer deity in the Sumerian poem. Tweet. This paper views the relevance of cuneiform texts to the history of science from inside, i.e., from the perspective of the available sources, as well as from outside, i.e., from t Ninmada was a god regarded as a brother of Ninazu. She was introduced in Mesopotamia in the Ur III period as an independent deity. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. In some myths and god lists, Anshar and Kishar are a primordial couple, who are male and female respectively. Anatu The name is derived from 'Anat,' the Semitic goddess of fertility and war and hunting. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Ninmug was the tutelary goddess of metal workers. From their courses, they fought against Sisera. Shulpa-e's name means "youthful brilliance". Belet-unir and Belet-Terraban were a pair of goddesses venerated in the Ur III period. His name is composed of four Hebrew consonants (YHWH, known as the Tetragrammaton) which the prophet Moses is said to have revealed to his people. Ereshkigal was the queen of the Mesopotamian Underworld. Jacob's favorite son, Joseph, was sold by his brothers into slavery and brought to Egypt where, owing to his skill in interpreting dreams, he rose to prominence and was able to save the region from famine (Genesis 25-50). "Yahweh." 3 13 365 Trey the Explainer @Trey_Explainer May 11, 2020 It's like saying Japanese and Asian as if they are two different things. During times of peace, the tribes will have depended heavily on Baal in his various local forms to ensure fertility. The way the Yahweh line was interpreted further supported the concept of Yahweh as the god of the Israelites alone since Mesha claims to have taken the Israelite god's vessels as tribute to his own. The rest of the Book of Exodus details the Ten Plagues which Yahweh sends on Egypt and how Moses leads his people to freedom. Suhurmau was a creature likely imagined simply as a type of fish by the Sumerians, but as a fish-goat hybrid by the Akkadians. World History Encyclopedia. In some cases, he was denoted as a consort of Nammu. Learn about the Hebrews, whom Moses led out of slavery in Egypt. For Yahweh's portion is his people, Jacob his allotted heritage. Yahweh as the all-powerful creator, preserver, and redeemer of the universe was then later developed by the early Christians as their god who had sent his son Jesus as the promised messiah and Islam interpreted this same deity as Allah in their belief system. During the Second Temple period, speaking the name of Yahweh in public became regarded as taboo,[10] and Jews instead began to substitute other words, primarily adonai (.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"SBL Hebrew","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Taamey Frank CLM","Frank Ruehl CLM","Ezra SIL","Ezra SIL SR","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}, "my Lord"). His association with the forge, and with imagery of fire, smoke, and smiting, worked as well in describing a god of storms and war and so Yahweh's character changed from a deity of transformation to one of conquest. Anatu means an intuitive woman who is sensitive, passionate, and introspective. Map of the Levant circa 830 BCERichardprins (GNU FDL). World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. Ninhegal was a goddess of abundance worshiped in Sippar. For this reason, the Sumerian god was also known by the title Lord of the Sweet Waters. Contents 1Major deities 2Lesser deities 3Primordial beings 4Demigods and heroes 5Spirits and demons 6Legendary beasts Major deities Adador Ishkur - god of storms, venerated as a supreme power especially in Syriaand Lebanon Anshur- head of the Assyrianpantheon, regarded as the equivalent of Enlil According to some scholars, Yahweh was transformed into the Supreme Being by the ancient Israelites during the Iron Age c. 1200-930 BCE. [70] The early supporters of this faction are widely regarded as being monolatrists rather than true monotheists;[71] they did not believe Yahweh was the only god in existence, but instead believed he was the only god the people of Israel should worship. [20] One scholarly theory is that he originated in a shortened form of el yahw abat, "El who creates the hosts",[21] but this phrase is nowhere attested either inside or outside the Bible, and the two gods are in any case quite dissimilar, with El being elderly and paternal and lacking Yahweh's association with the storm and battles. It's based on the fusion of a Sumerian god named Yah and a Mesopotamian god named Weh." Nothing about that sentence is even remotely right. The origins of his worship reach at least to the early Iron Age, and likely to the Late Bronze Age if not somewhat earlier, and in the oldest biblical literature he possesses attributes typically ascribed to weather and war deities, fructifying the land and leading the heavenly army against Israel's . Ninlil was the wife of Enlil, the ruler of the gods. The sun god Shamash crossed the heavens in a chariot as the Egyptian god Aren in Mesopotamian and Egyptian times and the Greek god Apollo would later do. [52] The next 50 years, the Babylonian exile, were of pivotal importance to the history of Israelite religion. These included El, the ruler of the pantheon,[39] Asherah, his consort, and Baal. In Mesopotamian texts, Dumuzi is described as the son of Enki, the god of water, and the brother of Geshtinanna, the goddess of agriculture and dream interpretation. According to Mesopotamian sources, such as the god list. In 1907, James Henry Breasted arrived and photographed the site but, again, engaged in no excavation. Submitted by Joshua J. The Shasu (also given as Shashu) were a Semitic, nomadic people described as outlaws or bandits by the Egyptians and, in fact, they are named on the column of the temple at Soleb among Egypt's other enemies and appear later, in an inscription from the reign of Ramesses II (r. 1279-1213 BCE), as among the pharaoh's enemies at the Battle of Kadesh. The meaning of the personal name of the Israelite God has been variously interpreted. Ninkarrak, most likely of Akkadian, rather than Sumerian, origin, This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 07:56. He has taught history, writing, literature, and philosophy at the college level. Agade - Mesopotamian City. If you include nicknames, official titles and honorifics, some gods have hundreds of names! Adad or Hadad - the God of Storm and Rain The Mesopotamian storm god varied from place to place. The Israelites remained a henotheistic people through the time of the Judges, which predates the rise of the monarchy, and throughout the time of the Kingdom of Israel (c.1080-c. 722). Mesha Stele - Moabite StoneHenri Sivonen (CC BY). Sumer was the southern part. Damu was a god who presides over healing and medicine. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. the earth trembled, the sky also dropped. Mesopotamian way of life and built own kingdoms. Even so, the Israelite population continues to grow and so pharaoh orders all male infants killed (Exodus 1:15-22). Question about yahweh after watching rick and morty. What are the seven gods of Mesopotamia? Ishum was a popular, but not very prominent god. The Israelites are an offshoot of the Canaanites so it's no surprise that the Israelites who begin as polytheists often will refer to Yahweh while the Canaanites kept Baal and El. God has no shortage of names--He is called by almost 1000 different ones in the Bible. Mamu or Mamud was the daughter of Aya and Shamash. Yahweh the Destroyer: On the Meaning of Heath D. Dewrell. Enki, also known as Ea, was the Mesopotamian god of water and wisdom. [44] The earliest known Israelite place of worship is a 12th-century BCE open-air altar in the hills of Samaria featuring a bronze bull reminiscent of Canaanite Bull-El (El in the form of a bull) and the archaeological remains of further temples have been found at Dan on Israel's northern border, at Arad in the Negev and Beersheba, both in the territory of Judah. Silili is an obscure goddess who was apparently the mother of all horses. Meskilak was a Dilmunite goddess and the wife of Inzak. It is generally accepted in the modern day, however, that Yahweh originated in southern Canaan as a lesser god in the Canaanite pantheon and the Shasu, as nomads, most likely acquired their worship of him during their time in the Levant. 22:20). In Roman times, following the Siege of Jerusalem and destruction of its Temple, in 70CE, the original pronunciation of the god's name was forgotten entirely. An is the Sumerian word for heaven, and he represents the father of all the gods. Last modified October 22, 2018. As the first extra-biblical inscription found to mention Yahweh, much was made of the discovery as the stele reported the same event from the biblical narrative of II Kings 3 in which Mesha the Moabite rebels against Israel (though with the major difference of the stele claiming a Moabite victory and the Bible claiming Israel the winner). The overwhelming importance of the god of metallurgy reflects the central role played by the copper smelters in the emergence of civilizations throughout the ancient world. Ishkur, later known as Adad or Hadad (from the root *hdd, "to thunder". They said something about how Yahweh was derived from a Sumerian god named Yah, and a Mesopotamian god Weh. And the origin of the name Yahweh isn't a . [36] Although the Biblical account draws a clear distinction between Israelites and Canaanites in this period, and this was followed in early scholarship, the modern consensus is that there was no distinction in language or material culture between these groups and scholars accordingly define Israelite culture as a subset of Canaanite culture. Bes was the Egyptian god of play and recreation. God, Devil, 100, 666 - To calculate gematria values) View Rude Words. Yahweh-as-warrior is evident throughout the Hebrew scriptures which became the Christian Old Testament and warrior imagery is also apparent in passages in the New Testament which drew on the earlier works (ex: Ephesians 6:11, Philippians 2:25, II Timothy 2:3-4, I Corinthians 9:7, among others). 2. [73], Yahweh is frequently invoked in Graeco-Roman magical texts dating from the 2nd century BCE to the 5th century CE, most notably in the Greek Magical Papyri,[74] under the names Iao, Adonai, Sabaoth, and Eloai. assem paramur traduco undeviceni tenuit in Hebrew Gematria equals 2575: a 1 s 90 s 90 e 5 m 30 0 p 60 a 1 r 80 a 1 m 30 u 200 r 80 0 t 100 r 80 a 1 d 4 u 200 c 3 o 50 0 u 200 n 40 d 4 e 5 v 700 i 9 c 3 e 5 n 40 i 9 0 t 100 e 5 n 40 u . Amzallag writes: An essential link between Yahweh and copper is suggested in the Book of Zechariah where the dwelling of the God of Israel is symbolized by two mountains of copper (Zech. The Assyrian Empire fell to an invading force of Babylonians, Medes, and others in 612 BCE and the Babylonians claimed the region of Canaan. In fact, the word Mesopotamia means "between rivers" in Greek. The most important god in the Sumerian pantheon is An (known also as Anu to the Akkadians). A woman of the Levite tribe among the Israelites hides her son and then sends him downriver in a basket to be found by pharaoh's daughter, who adopts him; this child is Moses (Exodus 2:1-10). (Deuteronomy 33:26-28), There is almost no agreement on his origins. The kingdoms of Israel and Judah periodically warred or allied with each other until 722 BCE when the Assyrians destroyed Israel and, in keeping with their usual military policies, deported the inhabitants and replaced them with others from their empire. Unless labeled otherwise, books may be retained for four weeks. Kulullu ("fish man") was an apotropaic creature depicted a centaur-like fish-man. [68] Other scholars argue that there is no certain evidence of any anthropomorphic representation of Yahweh during the pre-exilic period. Erra is a warlike god who is associated with pestilence and violence. Erragal, also known as Errakal, is a relatively rarely-attested deity who was usually regarded as a form of Erra, Gareus was a god introduced to Uruk during late antiquity by the. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Yahweh/. Largo al factotum / Rossini; Lucia di Lammermoor. The Sumerians regarded Inzak as the chief god of the Dilmunite pantheon. As it has been established they were a nomadic people, attempts have been made to link them with the Hebrews and with the Habiru, a group of renegades in the Levant, but these claims have been refuted. [81] Jews themselves frequently used symbols that were also associated with Dionysus such as kylixes, amphorae, leaves of ivy, and clusters of grapes, a similarity Plutarch used to argue that Jews worshipped a hypostasized form of Bacchus-Dionysus. [12], The god's name was written in paleo-Hebrew as ( in block script), transliterated as YHWH; modern scholarship has reached consensus to transcribe this as Yahweh. (394). During the night he traveled through the underworld and passed judgement on the dead. [31], Iron Age I corresponds approximately to the Judges period of the Bible. Ningikuga is a goddess of reeds and marshes. The monotheism of the Hebrew Scriptures would later be appropriated by the adherents of Christianity who would continue veneration of Yahweh, eventually known as Jehovah and then, simply, as God, and Islam would also develop the deity under the name of Allah (the God) beginning in the 7th century CE. Mesopotamian religion was polytheistic, with followers worshipping several main gods and thousands of minor gods. Whoever Yahweh was originally, and however he was worshipped, today he forms the basis of the three great monotheistic religions of the world. View Rude Words. [56] Greek translations of the Hebrew scriptures render both the tetragrammaton and adonai as kyrios (), meaning "the Lord". They said something about how Yahweh was derived from a Sumerian god named Yah, and a Mesopotamian god Weh. These early hopes were dashed (Zerubabbel disappeared from the historical record, although the High Priests continued to be descended from Joshua), and thereafter there are merely general references to a Messiah of David (i.e. The oldest mention of Yahweh dates to the reign of the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III - 1386-1353 BCE. Auch heute gibt es fr jeden Topf ein Deckelchen. From the sky the stars fought. Yes, the clouds dropped water. In the late middle ages, `Yahweh' came to be changed to `Jehovah' by Christian monks, a name commonly in use today. Mesopotamians knew him by his East Semitic name: Ea, or Aya. The centre of Yahweh's worship lay in three great annual festivals coinciding with major events in rural life: Passover with the birthing of lambs, Shavuot with the cereal harvest, and Sukkot with the fruit harvest. The top 4 are: babylonians, mesopotamia, uruk and assyria. Enkimdu is described as the "lord of dike and canal". Annunitum ("the martial one") was initially an epithet of Ishtar, Asarluhi was originally a local god of the village of Kuara, which was located near the city of. Panigingarra was a god worshiped in Adab who was the son of Ninhursag and Shulpa'e. Birtum was the husband of the prison goddess Nungal. This is an apt description of the script, as it is easily recognized thanks to its wedge-shaped characters. An (in Sumerian), later known as Anu (in Akkadian), Enlil, later known as Ellil, is the god of wind, air, earth, and storms. Scholars J. Maxwell Miller and John H. Hayes write: The origins of Yahwism are hidden in mystery. Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. Yahweh is the name of the state god of the ancient kingdom of israel and, later, the kingdom of judah. Imdugud, later known as Anz, is an enormous bird-like monster with the head of a lion described as so huge that the flapping of its wings was thought to be the cause of sandstorms and whirlwinds. Idlurugu was a god who represent the concept of, Ilaba was briefly a major deity during the. 3538, Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 10:40, "The Role of Archaeological and Literary Remains in Reconstructing Israel's History", "A Land Divided: Judah and Israel from the Death of Solomon to the Fall of Samaria", "Into Exile: From the Assyrian Conquest of Israel to the Fall of Babylon", Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series, "El the God of Israel-Israel the People of YHWH: On the Origins of Ancient Israelite Yahwism", "Tracking Observance of the Aniconic Tradition", "Priests and Levites in the Hebrew Bible", "Yahweh's "Wife" and Belief in One God in the Old Testament", "The Divine Name Yahweh Alohim from an African Perspective", "Yahweh's Asherah, Inclusive Monotheism and the Question of Dating", "A Conversation with My Critics: Cultic Image or Aniconism in the First Temple? Once the land is conquered, Joshua divides it among his people and, in time, they establish the Kingdom of Israel. Nanna, Enzu or Zuen ("Lord of Wisdom") in Sumerian, later altered as Suen and Sin in Akkadian. The name YHWH, consisting of the sequence of consonants Yod, Heh, Waw, and Heh, is known as the tetragrammaton. [83][84][85] According to Sean M. McDonough, Greek speakers may have confused Aramaic words such as Sabbath, Alleluia, or even possibly some variant of the name Yahweh itself, for more familiar terms associated with Dionysus. As a result, their interactions escalate into one form of conflict or another. [47][48], In 9th century and the rejection of Baal worship associated with the prophets Elijah and Elisha the Yahweh-religion began to separate itself from its Canaanite heritage; this process continued over the period 800-500BCE with legal and prophetic condemnations of the asherim, sun-worship and worship on the high places, along with practices pertaining to the dead and other aspects of the old religion. Both are storm Gods. The seven gods of Mesopotamia are: An, the supreme god, ancestor to all other deities, and personification of the sky; Enlil, god of air, wind, storms,. Seven gods A. Not only will Yahweh, name for the God of the Israelites, representing the biblical pronunciation of YHWH, the Hebrew name revealed to Moses in the book of Exodus. Omissions? He was brought into the pantheon by the Amorites in the third millennium BC. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. His name is composed of four Hebrew consonants (YHWH, known as the Tetragrammaton) which the prophet Moses is said to have revealed to his people. Home to the ancient civilizations of Sumer, Assyria, and Babylonia these peoples are credited with influencing mathematics and astronomy. A number of superhero comics have featured the Mesopotamian gods (or at least beings using their names) as gods, demons, gods degenerated into demons, or Ancient Astronauts.Their resemblance to their depictions in the original myths varies. Aralu A nether-world that is expansive, but dark and gloomy. [67] There is no universally accepted explanation for such aniconism, and a number of recent scholars have argued that Yahweh was in fact represented prior to the reforms of Hezekiah and Josiah late in the monarchic period: to quote one study, "[a]n early aniconism, de facto or otherwise, is purely a projection of the post-exilic imagination". The Book of Genesis concludes with Joseph dying after telling his brothers that Yahweh will bring them out of Egypt and back to the land promised to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The name Yahweh (yah-WEH) occurs more than 6,800 times in the Old Testament. [40], In the earliest Biblical literature Yahweh has characteristics of a storm-god typical of ancient Near Eastern myths, marching out from a region to the south or south-east of Israel with the heavenly host of stars and planets that make up his army to do battle with the enemies of his people Israel:[17], Yahweh, when you went out of Seir, The Bible does mention other nations worshipping Yahweh and how the god arrived from Edom to help the Israelites in warfare (Deuteronomy 33:2, Judges 5:4-5) but this is not the central narrative. It was not until 1957 that a team under the archaeologist Michela Schiff Giorgini, excavated the site and found reference to a group of people described as Shasu of Yahweh at the base of one of the columns of the temple in the hypostyle hall.

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