pershing rifles hazing
Army Captain Kafele H. Sims Company G-8 Died June 16, 2009, in Mosul, Iraq, of a non-combat-related injury. It was this nucleus of WWII combat veterans that spearheaded the rebirth of Pershing Rifles. Originally founded in 1894 as a special drill unit at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln, we are the oldest continuously operating U.S. collegiate organization dedicated to military drill. PRG@thePRGroup.org Phone: (531)333-2525 instructor. departments. Army First Lieutenant Frank Cesare Deusebio Company D-8 Died of wounds on March 18, 1968, as a result of enemy small arms fire, Silver Star Recipient. In 1919 the Pershing Rifles was reborn. The estate has: filed: a $5 million suit against St. John's, the National Society of Pershing Rifles, Mr. Savino, Captain Berdy; and Lieut. Documents | The Pershing Rifles Group Colonel Raffertywho, like Captain Berdy, is a St. John's faculty member as well as an Army officerhas described Mr. Fitzgerald's death as an accident during legitimate, but unauthorized, training. The Pershing Rifles National Assembly in November 1947 agreed to accept Navy ROTC cadets making the Society a true multi-service organization. PDF Pershing Rifles - Hofstra.edu His answer was no, Captain Ferguson testified. The Coed Affiliates Pershing Rifles (CAPERS), established in 1966, were the first officially recognized female auxiliary to the Society which established units alongside Pershing Rifles units for decades until it was disbanded in the 1980s. St. John's officials also say they had no warning. Regulations After Cadet's Death, https://www.nytimes.com/1977/08/14/archives/army-changes-rotc-regulations-after-cadets-death.html. The year 1928 brought the establishment of an official National Headquarters at the University of Nebraska which was organized along the lines of a US Army brigade headquarters. Last edited on 11 September 2022, at 16:39, General of the Armies of the United States, "History of the National Society of Pershing Rifles", "Ebbesen named civilian aide to the Army Secretary", "Can women kill like men on the front line? Pershing Rifles units (companies) act primarily as drill teams, but also participate in tactical and ceremonial exercises. (Clicking on theFind a Companylink under theContact Usmenu option above.). Its influence in the Military Department continued strong until just before World War I. Military Deaths by Hazing - Hank Nuwer Unofficial Hazing Clearinghouse The Pershing Rifles Group is incorporated in the state of Delaware and is a registered 501(C)10 not-for-profit organization under the Internal Revenue Service. And, after he was indicated last Dec. 2, he declined to testify at an Army inquiry. PDF National Society of Pershing Rifles - Activities.osu.edu Founded in 1894 at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Maybe there was a vacuum of responsibility between St. John's and the Army. Bronze Star, Purple Heart, Vietnam Gallantry Cross. The Regimental/Brigade Headquarters locations listed are the historical locations of these units. The official coat of arms consists of a Grecian helmet and torse over the shield, crossed rifles and torch with the inscription "Pershing Rifles" and the founding date "1894.". Inactive members forfeit the right to: wear Pershing Rifle insignia, and attend formal and informal meetings unless otherwise invited. The Pershing Rifles is a tri-service organization, and consists of members enrolled in the United States Army, Navy, and Air Force R.O.T.C. Pershing Rifles was formed initially by General Pershing in 1891 as a crack drill organization that would set an example to the rest of the drill unit on how to conduct themselves. Georgia, +Company B-16 Georgia State University. The coat of arms was adopted at the 1932 National Convention by the National Legislative Body. Primary Leader: Patrick Karman: Secondary Leader: Max Bleggi Where is the national headquarters located? If you are interested in joining, first find out if there is a local chapter (or Company) at your college or university. 7, April 2007. We remained focused on our mission of producing leaders, and take pride in carrying on the traditions of professional, discipline, and dedicated. The core of our leadership development program is our organizational model. Atlanta. Founded in 1894, the National Society of Pershing Rifles is the Nation's oldest military fraternal. the previous spring. The Army maintains that its regular officers, or cadre, were unaware that the members of the Pershing Rifles unit at St. John's intended to hold a potentially dangerous exercise on the night of Nov. 5. The late 1940s and the 1950s were years of great expansion for the Society. Mr. Savino has not publicly discussed this alleged conversation. But another cadet's account of the reputed conversation is contained in Army records obtained by The New York Times. Pershing Rifles Charlie Company 12th Regiment @ MIT With the establishment of a separate US Air Force on 18 September 1947, Air Force ROTC cadets joined the ranks of Pershing Rifles. This 27-minute Technicolor film discussed the history, traditions and missions of Pershing Rifles. The Society was reactivated in January 1946, heralding the second Golden Age of Pershing Rifles which lasted to the early 1970s. Active and alumni Pershing Riflemen went off to war, serving with distinction and valor. PDF National Society of Pershing Rifles - Christopher Newport University The Coed Affiliates of Pershing Rifles ( CAPERS) was formed. 3. Generally participates quite closely with collegiate ROTC programs of all branches. description. NATCON21 - National Society Of Pershing Rifles Alumni Association Bill education benefits. Army Sergeant Gregory Owens Jr. Company Q-17 Died of wounds on July 20, 2009, in Maydan Shahr, Afghanistan, when an improvised explosive device detonated near his vehicle followed by an attack from enemy forces using small arms and rocket-propelled grenades, Army Second Lieutenant Justin Sisson Company M-16 Killed in action in Tsamkani, Afghanistan on June 3, 2013, by a suicide bomber, "We, the members of Pershing Rifles, National Honorary Military Society, in order to encourage, preserve and develop the highest ideals of the military profession, to promote American citizenship, to create a closer and more efficient relation, and to provide appropriate recognition of a high degree of military ability among the cadets of the several senior Reserve Officers' Training Corps units of the Government of our organization, do hereby establish this constitution." While the weekend will include a number of business meetings, tourism events, and socials, the highlight of the event is the John J. Pershing Memorial Drill . But Harold Borg, a lawyer for Mr. Savino, contends that the Army knew in advance of the activity and that it failed to supervise or stop it. The Army has a choiceto do things carefully or, carelessly, Mr. Fuchsberg said in an interview. All members of the Pershing Rifles are R.O.T.C. The only real consistencies within companies are the wear of a Pershing Rifles rank shield and, on dress uniforms, a shoulder cord and the Pershing Rifles Service Ribbon, which is blue with six vertical white lines, symbolic of the six core values held by a Pershing Rifleman. Army First Lieutenant Michael Peterson, Troop L-1, Killed in action on 24 October 1970 in Phuoc Tuy Province (now Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province, South Vietnam. Rochester, NY, Headquarters University of Colorado at Boulder/University of Denver (1958), Company A-9 University of Alaska, college, Alaska, Company A-9 University of Denver, Denver, Colorado (1958), +Company B-9 University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, Company C-9 Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, Company D-9 Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado, Company D-9 Southern Colorado State College, Pueblo, Co, Company E-9 South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota, Company E-9 New Mexico College of A&M, State College, New Mexico (1958), Company F-9 Idaho State College, Pocatello, Idaho (1958), Company G-9 Utah State University, Logan, Utah, Company H-9 Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Company H-9 Texas Western College, El Paso, Texas, Headquarters Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona/University of Arizona (195859), Company A-10 University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, +Company B-10 California State University, Fresno, Fresno, California, Company B-10 University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California (1958,59), Company C-10 New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, Company D-10 Arizona State College/University, Tempe, Arizona, Company E-10 University of Santa Clara, Santa Clara, California, Company F-10 San Jose State College, San Jose, California, +Company G-10 California Baptist University, Riverside, California, Company G-10 University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, Company H-10 Texas Western College, El Paso, Texas (became UTEP, later H-17, now A-14), Company I-10 University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, Headquarters Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (Ended after 1964), Company A-11 University of Alaska, college, Alaska, Company B-11 University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, Company C-11 University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, Company D-11 State College of Washington, Pullman, Washington (195859), Company E-11 Oregon State University, Eugene, Oregon, Company F-11 Montana State University, Missoula, Montana (195859), Company G-11 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, Company H-11 Seattle University, Seattle, Washington, Headquarters 1st Battalion, 12th Regiment Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, Headquarters 2nd Battalion, 12th Regiment Providence College, Providence, Rhode Island, +Company A-12 Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, Company B-12 Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, +Company C-12 (Airborne)- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Company D-12 University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, Company E-12 Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, Company F-12 University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, Company F-12 Stonehill College, Easton, Massachusetts, Company G-12 University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, Company H-12 University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, Company K-12 Providence College, Providence, Rhode Island, Company I-12 Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, Company L-12 University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, Company M-12 University of Maine, Orono, Maine, Squadron N-12 Lowell Technological Institute, Lowell, Massachusetts, Company A-14 University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas (has been E-7, H-10 & H-17), Company W-14 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Company Z-14 Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, Headquarters University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, Company/Squadron A-15 University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, Company B-15 Virginia State College, Petersburg, Virginia (now Puerto Rico Co O-4), Company C-15 Norfolk State University, Norfolk, Virginia (now R-4), Company C-15 Virginia Polytechnical Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia (1961), Company D-15 Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia (now U-4), Company E-15 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (late 1960s-1974, later E-8). White symbolizes Purity, Cleanliness of Life and Rectitude of Conduct. Known Pershing Rifles units past and present (Note that some company numbers were used by more than one university or college over time) + denotes active units. The Pershing Rifles was founded on October 2, 1894 by a dedicated, and well trained group of cadets at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln. ASU Pershing Rifles Have Another Strong Showing at the Nationals On March 9 Pershing Rifle Company M-4 set out to Jacksonville, Florida for National Conference and Competition (NATCON 2017). Now the Army has promulgated a regulation that participation in any R.O.T.C.sponsored activity must be carefully supervised by a formally appointed cadre member of the sponsor unit to insure that the required degree of safety is observed. A previous regulation relating to safety did not require monitoring of the activities by regular officers. Pershing Angels is a military-based drill sorority for women founded in 1965 as a Coed Affiliate drill unit of Pershing Rifles. One thing I remember was ironic: Captain Berdy just said, Don't let anybody get killed'? Coat of Arms The shield, crossed rifles and torch design with "P" and "R" had been used by Pershing Rifles as early as 1928. Major Bailey was killed in action on September 26, 1942, on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands and posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his valor that day. On page six of the transcript of Mr. Borovsky's testimony in the Army inquiry last Dec. 15, the following exchange occurred: MAJOR NATION: Say again the question that Captain Berdy asked. As organized in 1919, the Pershing Rifles became an organization for junior officers. Army Captain Charles F. Thomas, IV Company B-3 Killed in action on April 8, 1971, as a result of enemy mortar fire in Binh Dinh Province, Vietnam. This year's Pershing Rifles National Convention and Pershing Angels General Assembly will take place in Chantilly, VA (just outside of Washington DC) from March 9th - 12th 2023. These companies teach their members skills such as escape and evasion, survival skills, rappelling, hand-to-hand combat, and marksmanship. Preamble We, the members of the National Society of Pershing Rifles, in order to encourage, . Many accomplish this by partnering with local high school level J.R.O.T.C. Savino has been indicated for criminally negligent homicide in what the grand jury called a "hazing" incident involving students in the Pershing Rifles, a society associated with the R.O.T.C.. By 1918 the Reserve Officer's Training Program (ROTC), that had just been established two years earlier in 1916 was suspended. Pershing Rifles Pershing Rifles is a fraternity which seeks to develop, to the highest degree possible, outstanding traits of leadership, military science, military bearing, and discipline within the framework of a military oriented, honorary fraternity. Pershing wished to increase the morale and discipline of the battalion there, as well as to increase support for the Cadet Corps throughout the university's staff and community. Excellence in drill, whether armed or unarmed, is a function of discipline and dedication that translate into other endeavors in life. The Pershing Rifles was founded on October 2, 1894 by a dedicated, and well trained group of cadets at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln. National Society of Pershing Rifles Alumni Association - Facebook [2], Pershing Rifles is a leadership development program with a foundation in close-order and exhibition rifle drill. Honorary membership may be initiated into the National Society of Pershing Rifles by a The most rewarding part (of Pershing Rifles) is definitely the camaraderie that we have within our organization. programs as well as a number of civilians who hold a close affection for the Armed Forces, but are not planning on going into any one of the services upon graduation. Pershing Rifles became a National organization in 1928 expanding to include several other universities, with companies consisting of drill teams as well as tactical units. I enjoyed the perfection and the esprit de' corps." Where and when was General John J. Pershing born? [7] On 2 October 1894, former members of Company A formed "Varsity Rifles". Another is Army Air Corps Lt Richard Joyce, an alumnus of Company A-2 at the University of Nebraska, who piloted a B-25 that bombed Japan as part of the famous Doolittle Raid on 18 April 1942. The pledging was tough and physical, but also military. It's a little foggy, and as far. If youre already a member, I challenge you continue to live up to the standard set by our patron, General Pershing. Pershing Rifles - Home - Facebook Excellence in drill, whether armed or unarmed, is a function of discipline and dedication that translate into other endeavors in life. It is historically headquartered at the University of Nebraska - Lincoln (or Pershing's Own) and consists of a number of Regiments that supervise and provide governance and oversight to a number of companies. Co C, 2d Bn, 506th Infantry, 101st Airborne Division. I thought heard one of them say that, he testified. While additional companies of Pershing Rifles were formed in the first half of the 20th Century, after World War II, Pershing Rifles rapidly . Company/Squadron F-15 George Washington University, Washington, D.C. Company G-15 Loyola College, Baltimore, Maryland, Company H-15 Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland (now J-8), Company Q-15 Pennsylvania Military College, Chester, Pennsylvania (was Q-5), Company P-15 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (1960s, later E-15), Company R-15 University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, Company X-15 University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware (Founded: May 1969), Headquarters University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida/ Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, +Company A-16 Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, Georgia, +Company B-16 Morehouse College. All are qualities in which Pershing Rifles looks for in its members. Welcome to the National Society Of Pershing Rifles Alumni Association (NSPRAA) Facebook Official Page. Etsy Search for items or shops Close search Skip to Content Sign in 0 Cart Home Favorites Jewelry & Accessories Clothing & Shoes Twenty-seven Pershing Rifleman and Captain Brown attended from the Mountaineer Battalion. These stitch founding date sets come on UNISEX fit tees, sweatshirts or hoodies! Ordnance Hall of Fame. [8][bettersourceneeded]. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. The Pershing Rifles is a national military honors society for ROTC cadets and midshipmen that participates in military drill exercises. please subscribe to my youtube channel!follow me on ig @jabarikjayfollow me on twitter @jabarikjay These breeches were cut into small pieces and were worn on the uniform as a sign of membership. 1 talking about this. Andrew R. Berdy, the Army's adviser to the Pershing Rifles at St. John's, that the survivalandescape exercise was about to take place. Our partner and member organizations include the National Society of Pershing Rifles, National Society of Pershing Rifles Alumni Association (NSPRAA), National Society of Pershing Angels, National Society of Blackjacks. Pershing Rifles Gen. John J. Pershing: Contributions and Then Pershing Rifles disappeared from many college campuses during and following the Vietnam War with the dissolution of ROTC programs and the end of compulsory ROTC basic courses. As part of its effort to show that the Army, was aware of the exercise before it took place, the Savino defense will also cite a mimeographed, pledge program and a call Mr. Savino made to the R.O.T.C. But he did say to Captain Berdy that nothing was going to happen. Originally named Varsity Rifles, members renamed the organization in honor of their mentor and patron, Lieutenant (later General of the Armies of the United States) John J. Pershing, upon his departure from the university in 1895. Many companies wear berets, in a wide variety of colors. G eneral John J. Pershing, who would acquire fame as the commander of the American Expeditionary Force in World War I, founded Pershing Rifles (P/R's) as a drill team in 1894 while serving as professor of military science at the University of Nebraska. Register | The Pershing Rifles Group cadets were merely doing what the Army encouraged them to doperfecting the kind of rugged survival and escape training that some of them had been taught in Army camp the previous summer. Our purpose is threefold: NC State Day of Giving is March 24! physical, mental, or other types of hazing, and will be in definite support of individual state laws concerning physical or mental abuse, of any person. - Stephen J. Candela, "We are amongst the most prestigious military organizations that you can join. Killed in Action on July 2, 1970, in Thua Thien province, Vietnam. programs, providing positive mentors to high school students, hosting and judging drill competitions, and getting involved in community service activities. Army Major David R. Mackey Company B-3 Killed in a helicopter crash near Long An on September 17, 1969, while serving in South Vietnam, two Silver Stars, seven Bronze Stars with V Device recipient. This includes events such as the annual Pershing Rifles National Convention and Alumni Reunion (NATCON) and various regimental drill competitions and alumni reunions. Last April, Lieut. The present National Society of Pershing Rifles owes its existence to The Ohio State University (OSU). In addition to our goals, we understand Hofstra University's stand against hazing. [4], In 1891, General Pershing, then a 2LT in Troop L, 6th Cavalry Regiment at Fort Bayard, New Mexico, became the Professor of Military Science and Tactics at the University of Nebraska. or other leadership development programs. PDF LSU Pershing Rifles Records Guards were not to speak while on duty, but the sergeant gave them special permission to speak to reporters provided that they kept on . The men and women who have had the honor to wear the Pershing Rifles cord have distinguished themselves as Soldiers, Sailors, Marines, and Airmen and have gone on to lead successful careers in the public and private sectors. Pershing Rifles Company L-1, University of Toledo, claimed its second overall "National Drill Champions" title among the ROTC teams competing. A. Yeah, cause it was like, you know, it was something that struck me funny well, not funny, but that I remembered the next day after the incident because in a way, you know, and Savino said Na Sir and he assured him that nothing was going to happen. The foundation provides grants and financial support for such things as scholarships, providing assistance to individual Pershing Rifles and Blackjacks units, as well as supporting the Pershing Rifles Group's national efforts in expansion and operations. These colors have traditional national significance and each represent the cornerstones of the Society and its members. Army First Lieutenant Robert Thomas Rice, Jr Battery G-1 Killed in action by enemy mortar fire on August 8, 1970, near Pleiku, Vietnam, Silver Star recipient, Army First Lieutenant Gregory C. Schoper Company C-4 Killed in action on February 14, 1970, in Tay Ninh, Vietnam by enemy small arms fire (Buried in Arlington National Cemetery) Bronze Star w/ Oak Leaf Cluster, Air Medal, Purple Heart, Silver Star recipient, Army Second Lieutenant Gary Arold Scott Company F-8 Died of wounds in Vietnam on March 29, 1968, as a result of enemy ambush in Hue, Vietnam, Silver Star recipient, Air Force Captain Robert Wilbur Smith Squadron A-15 Weapons system officer, in rear seat of F-4 that was lost to enemy ground fire on 17 April 1970 over Binh Dinh Province, Vietnam. The only collegiate level military fraternity. The Ohio State group, seeing the need for a national organization for basic course ROTC men, threatened to nationalize "The President's Guard" and leave Nebraska out of it if the two organizations could not work together. See the article in its original context from. After that convention, CAPERS operated on the National, Regimental, and local levels and Pershing Angels continued to expand and prosper. #GivingPack. It is the oldest continuously operating US college organization dedicated to military drill. Find a company These cadets represented the best the battalion had to offer. Distinguished Flying Cross, Soldier's Medal, the Air Medal x6, Army Lieutenant Oscar H. Alexis Company A-2 Killed in action on June 25, 1944, at Montieri, Italy, Navy Lieutenant William S. Devereaux Company A-2 Killed in action in March 1943, in the Russell Islands while serving as the operations officer on a PT boat, Army First Lieutenant Archibald C. Dudley Company C-4 Killed in action on December 6, 1944, near Pachten, Germany while serving as an infantry platoon leader in C Company, 357th Infantry Regiment, 90th Infantry Division, Army Air Corps First Lieutenant Robert Gehle Jobe Company F-1 Killed in action over Altenkirchen, Germany on February 22, 1944, while serving as a B-17 bomber navigator, Army Air Corps Second Lieutenant Wallace Hembrough Company F-3 Killed in action on February 21, 1945, while flying over north-western Germany as a bombardier-navigator, Army First Lieutenant George S. Koushnareff Company A-8 Died of wounds on 16 November 1942, during the invasion of North Africa, Army Air Corps Cadet Robert A. Nelson Company A-2 Died April 28, 1941, in a plane crash during pilot training, Navy Ensign Brooks L. Potter Company A-2 Died on May 24, 1944, near Seattle, Washington in a plane crash, Army Second Lieutenant James J. Kiernan Company D-8 Killed in action in North Korea on August 18, 1952, Marine Corps Second Lieutenant Jesse Rutledge Baker Company C-4 Killed in action on August 18, 1967, when the jeep in which he was a riding detonated a box mine in a road near Da Nang, Vietnam, Army Major Anthony J. Broullon Company Q-8 Killed on September 8, 1969, in Long An, Vietnam while serving as a military adviser, he was shot by a mentally disturbed South Vietnamese soldier. Georgia, Company B-16 University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico (was B-6), Company B-16 Alcorn State University, Lorman, Mississippi, +Company C-16 Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida (was C-6), +Company E-16 Bethune-Cookman University, Daytona Beach, Florida, Company E-16 Embry Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida, Company F-16 University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, +Company G-16 - Albany State University, Albany, Georgia (Chartered 12 March 2016), Company I-16 Loyola University, New Orleans, Louisiana, Company J-16 Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, Company M-16 Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, Company N-16 Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, Louisiana, Company P-16 College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico (was P-6), Company S-16 Stetson University, DeLand, Florida, Company T-16 University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida, Company U-16 University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida (was U-6), Company V-16 University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, Company W-16 McNeese State University, Lake Charles, Louisiana, +Company Z-16 - Florida International University, Miami, Florida (Chartered 12 March 2016), Headquarters Prairie View A&M University, Company A-17 Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, +Company B-17 Alcorn State University, Lorman, Mississippi, Company C-17 New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, +Company D-17 Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana (was D-6), Company D-17 Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, +Company G-17 Grambling State University, Grambling, Louisiana, Company H-17 University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas (Now A-14), Company L-17 - Hardin-Simmons University, Abilene, Texas, Company M-17 Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas, Company M-17 Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, New Mexico, Company Q-17 Prairie View A & M University, Prairie View, Texas, Company R-17 Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas, Company T-17 Midwestern University, Wichita Falls, Texas, Company T-17 Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, This page was last edited on 11 September 2022, at 16:39.